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Ovarian Cancer in Indian Women: Silent Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore

  • May 05, 2025
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Ovarian Cancer in Indian Women: Silent Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore

Ovarian cancer, often referred to as a "silent killer," remains one of the most formidable health challenges facing women in India today. Ranking as the third most common cancer among Indian women, it affects approximately 6.8 women per 100,000 annually—translating to around 25,000 new cases each year. Despite this growing number, public awareness remains alarmingly low, largely due to the disease's ability to develop with minimal or no symptoms in its early stages.

What makes ovarian cancer especially dangerous is its tendency to go undetected until it has reached an advanced stage, where treatment becomes significantly more complex and less effective. This silent progression not only threatens the lives of thousands of women but also places a heavy financial burden on families and the healthcare system.

Several risk factors have been identified in connection with ovarian cancer. Conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis—both relatively common in Indian women—are associated with increased risk. In addition, lifestyle and reproductive trends such as delayed childbearing are emerging as critical contributors. The shift toward having children later in life, while often a personal or economic decision, may unintentionally elevate the risk. Environmental concerns, including exposure to harmful chemicals and pollutants, are further compounding the issue.

In this blog, we delve into the causes, risk factors, and the need for early detection of ovarian cancer—and why it’s time to bring this silent threat into the spotlight.

What is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries — the small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus that are responsible for producing eggs and female hormones. This cancer typically develops when abnormal cells in or around the ovaries begin to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. If not detected early, these cancerous cells can spread to other parts of the reproductive system and beyond, making treatment more difficult.

There are several types of ovarian cancer, but the most common is epithelial ovarian cancer, which starts on the surface of the ovary. Less common types include germ cell tumors (from egg-producing cells) and stromal tumors (from hormone-producing tissue). The disease can affect women of any age, though it is most often diagnosed in those over 45.

What Makes Ovarian Cancer a “Silent Killer”?

Ovarian cancer has earned the label “silent killer” because its early symptoms are vague, subtle, and often mistaken for common digestive or menstrual issues. Many women ignore or misattribute these signs, and by the time the disease is detected, it has often progressed to an advanced stage.

Silent Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer Include:

  • Bloating or abdominal swelling that doesn’t go away
  • Pelvic or abdominal pain or discomfort
  • Feeling full quickly while eating, even if you haven't eaten much
  • Frequent or urgent need to urinate
  • Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
  • Unexplained weight loss or gain
  • Fatigue or low energy levels
  • Pain during intercourse
  • Menstrual irregularities in some cases

These symptoms can easily be overlooked or confused with everyday conditions like indigestion, PMS, or stress. However, what sets ovarian cancer apart is the persistence and frequency of these signs. If any of these symptoms last for more than a couple of weeks and occur almost daily, it's important to consult a doctor for further evaluation.

Types of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer isn't a single disease—it includes several different types, each developing from various types of cells within or near the ovaries. The main types include:

  1. Epithelial Tumors
    These are the most common, accounting for about 90% of all ovarian cancers. They start in the thin layer of tissue that covers the ovaries. Epithelial tumors often go unnoticed until they have spread.
  2. Germ Cell Tumors
    These develop from the cells that produce eggs. Germ cell tumors are rare and usually occur in younger women, including teenagers. Many of these tumors are highly treatable.
  3. Stromal Tumors
    These arise from the ovarian tissue that produces hormones like estrogen and progesterone. They are rare and are more likely to be diagnosed earlier than other types due to hormone-related symptoms (like abnormal bleeding).

Common Causes and Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer

While the exact cause of ovarian cancer is still not fully understood, researchers have identified several risk factors that may increase a woman's chances of developing the disease:

  • Age
    The risk increases with age and is highest in women over 50, especially after menopause.
  • Family History and Genetics
    Women with a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer are at higher risk. Inherited mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 are strongly linked to ovarian cancer.
  • Reproductive History
    • Delayed childbirth (first pregnancy after age 35)
    • Never having been pregnant
    • Early menstruation or late menopause
      These factors may increase the number of ovulations in a woman's lifetime, potentially raising the risk.
  • Medical Conditions
    Conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis have been associated with a slightly higher risk of ovarian cancer.
  • Hormone Therapy
    Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), especially after menopause, can increase the risk.
  • Environmental Factors
    Prolonged exposure to chemical pollutants, pesticides, and industrial toxins may influence ovarian cancer development, especially in urban and industrial regions.
  • Obesity
    Being overweight or obese is another recognized risk factor, likely due to hormonal and metabolic changes.

 

Effective Ways to Help Prevent Ovarian Cancer

While there is no guaranteed method to completely prevent ovarian cancer, adopting certain lifestyle habits and undergoing regular medical evaluations can significantly lower the risk. Prevention is especially important because of the disease’s silent progression and late-stage detection in most cases. Here are some evidence-based preventive measures women can take:

1. Regular Medical Check-Ups and Pelvic Exams

  • Routine gynecological exams are crucial, especially for women over 40 or those with a family history of cancer. While there is no single screening test specifically for ovarian cancer, regular pelvic exams can help identify abnormalities early.
  • ✅ Tip: Don’t skip your annual check-ups, even if you feel healthy.

2. Know Your Family History and Get Genetic Counseling

  • If you have a strong family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, consider getting tested for BRCA1, BRCA2, or other genetic mutations. Genetic counseling can help you understand your risk and take preventive steps like more frequent monitoring or preventive surgeries if necessary.

3. Transvaginal Ultrasound and CA-125 Blood Test

  • For women at high risk, doctors may recommend a transvaginal ultrasound and/or a CA-125 blood test. These aren't perfect for early detection in the general population but can be useful when there’s a known risk.
  • ⚠ Note: These tests are not recommended for routine screening in all women due to false positives but are useful in high-risk cases.

4. Maintain a Healthy Weight

  • Obesity is linked to increased ovarian cancer risk. Eat a balanced diet rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables, and engage in regular physical activity. A healthy weight supports hormonal balance and overall well-being.

5. Oral Contraceptives (With Caution and Medical Advice)

  • Studies have shown that using birth control pills for five or more years can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by up to 50%. However, they may slightly increase the risk of other cancers, so they should only be used under medical guidance.

6. Consider Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

  • Women who have had one or more full-term pregnancies, especially before age 30, and those who breastfeed may have a lower risk of ovarian cancer. These natural hormonal shifts seem to reduce the number of ovulations, thereby lowering risk.

7. Avoid Exposure to Harmful Chemicals

  • Reduce contact with pesticides, plastics, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, especially in food, cosmetics, and industrial areas. Use natural or certified-safe products whenever possible.

8. Manage Underlying Health Conditions

  • Conditions like PCOS and endometriosis can increase risk. Managing these through medical treatment, diet, and lifestyle adjustments is essential.

Ovarian cancer may be silent, but prevention doesn't have to be. Staying informed, proactive, and in regular touch with your gynaecologist can go a long way in catching warning signs early or lowering your risk altogether. Empower yourself with knowledge—and prioritize your health.

 

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